How American Cities Can Enhance Water Systems to Withstand Wildfires
Wildfires have become an alarming reality in the United States, threatening not just the landscapes but also the infrastructure of cities. Areas like Santa Rosa, Paradise, Boulder County, Lahaina, and Los Angeles have shown that many urban water systems were not designed to handle the devastation caused by wildfires. As climate change continues to intensify these natural disasters, it becomes crucial for water utilities to rethink their strategies and adopt innovative solutions.
The Impact of Wildfires on Urban Water Systems
When wildfires strike, they disrupt water supply systems in multiple ways. Hydrants may barely function, and pumps can lose power, leading to a dangerous situation where chemical contaminants seep into pipes. For instance, the 2018 Camp Fire in Paradise, California, tragically resulted in 85 fatalities and the destruction of over 18,000 structures. The cost to rebuild the drinking water system in Paradise alone is projected to be around $125 million, with an expected timeline of three and a half years.
The Need for Resilient Water Infrastructure
As wildfires become increasingly frequent, experts emphasize the need for resilient water infrastructure. Greg Hentschel, vice president of engineering at CST Industries, notes that communities are beginning to ask the same questions about wildfire preparedness that were previously raised for hurricanes and earthquakes. This shift in perspective is prompting the adoption of new engineering standards and building regulations aimed at fortifying urban environments.
Effective Strategies for Wildfire Mitigation
While improving water infrastructure is essential, it is not a standalone solution. Here are several strategies that communities can implement to mitigate wildfire risks effectively:
1. Remote Shutoff Valves
During a wildfire, burning buildings can damage pipes, leading to water wastage until utility workers can safely shut off the supply. Louisville, Colorado, has taken proactive measures by installing remote shutoff valves at rebuilt homes following the 2021 Marshall Fire. These valves help conserve water for firefighting efforts and can be installed on main distribution pipes for better water management.
2. Emergency Water Sources: Heli-Hydrants
To provide immediate access to water for firefighting helicopters, cities can install "heli-hydrants." These concrete tanks can hold thousands of gallons of water, allowing helicopters to refill quickly. For example, a 5,000-gallon heli-hydrant in San Diego County was utilized nearly 30 times during the 48-acre Garden Fire. This innovative solution can significantly enhance firefighting capabilities right in urban areas.
3. Dedicated Firefighting Water Pipes
Some cities, like San Francisco, have utilized dedicated high-pressure pipes for firefighting since the aftermath of the 1906 earthquake. These separate systems ensure that water is readily available for severe fire situations. While implementing a similar system may be costly for many communities, elements such as underground cisterns and dedicated hydrants in high-risk areas can be effective alternatives.
4. Backup Power Systems
Water treatment plants and pumps typically rely on grid electricity. However, during wildfires, power outages can cripple water supply systems. Louisville is transitioning its backup generators from natural gas to diesel, which can operate for several days. This change is crucial for maintaining water pressure and ensuring that essential services remain functional during emergencies.
5. Contamination Mitigation Measures
Wildfires pose a significant risk of contaminating drinking water with toxic chemicals. Installing backflow prevention devices at water meters can help ensure that contaminated water does not flow back into the drinking supply. Additionally, utilities are focusing on strategies to protect service lines from heat damage by burying pipes deeper and using durable materials.
The Path Forward: A National Wildfire Infrastructure Code
The implementation of a national water infrastructure wildfire code could standardize these protective measures across the country. Insurers might also offer discounts to municipalities that adopt these risk-reduction strategies, encouraging proactive community planning.
In Summary
As wildfires continue to threaten urban areas, it is imperative for cities to enhance their water systems to withstand these challenges. By adopting innovative strategies like remote shutoff valves, heli-hydrants, dedicated firefighting pipes, backup power systems, and contamination mitigation measures, communities can better prepare for the next wildfire season. The collective effort to build resilient water infrastructure not only protects lives but also preserves vital resources in the face of climate change.
For more information on wildfire mitigation and recovery efforts, you can visit the California Wildfire Mitigation and Recovery Bill Package and learn about the ongoing initiatives aimed at safeguarding communities.